Sampah untuk Pakan Ternak

Sampah organik biasanya hanya dimanfaatkan sebagai kompos untuk tanaman. Kini melalui cara yang  sederhana, sampah dapat pula diolah menjadi pakan ternak.

Membuat pakan dari sampah dimulai dengan pemisahan sampah organik dan anorganik, dilanjutkan dengan pencacahan, fermentasi, pengeringan, penepungan, pencampuran, dan pembuatan pelet.

Pemisahan sampah organik dari sampah anorganik dimaksudkan agar sampah yang diolah hanya yang dapat dicerna oleh ternak serta menghindarkan ternak dari mengonsumsi bahan-bahan beracun atau yang  mengandung logam berat.
Pemisahan sebaiknya dapat dilakukan di tingkat produsen sampah (pasar atau rumah tangga). Oleh karena itu, untuk program massal perlu disediakan tempat sampah organik dan anorganik di tingkat produsen sampah. Sampah dari rumah sakit dan pabrik yang banyak mengandung logam berat atau bahan beracun seyogianya dihindari.
Sampah organik yang telah terpisah dari bahan lain selanjutnya dicacah dengan alat atau mesin pencacah agar bentuknya lebih kecil dan untuk memudahkan fermentasi. Fermentasi dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan kandungan gizi dan nilai cerna sampah karena kandungan gizi sampah umumnya rendah
tetapi serat kasarnya relatif tinggi. Fermentasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan inokulan bakteri dan cara yang tepat agar diperoleh produk yang bermutu tinggi.
Setelah difermentasi, sampah dikeringkan dengan dijemur lalu digiling hingga menjadi tepung. Selanjutnya
tepung sampah ditambah bahan lain termasuk enzim dan diaduk dalam mesin pencampur, sehingga diperoleh pakan komplit yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan ternak. Apabila diperlukan, semua bahan yang sudah tercampur dibentuk pelet. Pelet pakan ternak dapat disimpan hingga 6 bulan.
Idealnya ransum komplit diberikan sekitar 3% dari bobot hidup ternak per hari. Dengan jumlah pakan tersebut, sapi tidak lagi memerlukan hijauan makanan ternak (HMT) atau rumput.  Namun sebagian petani ternyata masih memberikan rumput. Sebagai contoh, jika ternak diberi pakan komplit 1,5% dari bobot hidup per hari, peternak tinggal memberi rumput 50% dari kebutuhan semestinya.

dikutip dari: Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Vol. 28, no 3 2006

Blue Energy (salinity power) in The Netherlands

More details about Blue Energy (salinity power) in The Netherlands, by R. Willemse, you can get pdf version on:

http://www.createacceptance.net

or

Blue Energy (slinity power) in the Netherland.pdf

Dukung Pembangunan PLTSa Warga Diminta Pilah Sampah

Bandung (Galamedia) - Rencana pembangunan pembangkit listrik tenaga sampah (PLTSa) oleh PT Medco di Kab. Bandung harus didukung dengan proses pemilahan sampah oleh warga. Karenanya seluruh warga Kab. Bandung diminta untuk menyediakan tiga tong sampah untuk tiga jenis sampah yang berbeda.

Demikian dikatakan Bupati Bandung, H. Obar Sobarna, S.I.P. di Soreang, Kamis (13/3), terkait segera terealisasinya pengolahan sampah dengan kapasitas 500 ton/hari tersebut. Untuk mendukung program tersebut, pemkab akan mendesain truk pengangkut sampah yang dapat memilah sampah-sampah yang masuk.

Dijelaskan Obar, program pemilahan sampah saat ini masih disosialisasikan pada tingkat tertentu, seperti sekolah dan perkantoran.Pada tahap awal memang seperti itu, tetapi kami akan terus programkan hingga tingkat lebih luas agar semua bisa melakukan hal yang sama.

Penyediaan tong sampah tiga warga tersebut, lanjutnya, untuk memisahkan sampah jenis organik, anorganik serta jenis lainnya. Jika sampah sudah dipilah sejak dari tempat pembuangan, maka akan makin memudahkan penggunaanya, baik untuk kompos maupun tenaga listrik.

Diungkapkan Obar, Pemkab Bandung saat ini sedang menyediakan lahan seluas 4 ha, sumbangan pihak swasta untuk mendirikan PLTSa.

Kita diberi kepercayaan oleh PT Medco untuk mendirikan PLTsa dan pemkab sendiri hanya diminta menyediakan lahan. Sedangkan lahannya sendiri kemungkinan akan dipilih antara Katapang dan Margaasih.

Untuk pembangunan PLTSa tersebut, Obar menyebutkan, Pemkab Bandung telah menganggarkan biaya sebesar Rp 2 miliar dari APBD 2008.

Saat ini sedang ditentukan lokasi yang tepat, sesuai persyaratan yang diminta dan nantinya energi yang dihasilkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber penerangan.

Seperti diketahui, PLTSa kedua akan berdiri di Kab. Bandung, setelah sebelumnya PLN mendirikan pembangkit serupa di TPA Babakan, Kec. Ciparay, Kab. Bandung. PLTSa yang akan dibangun bersama PT Medco ini akan menghasilkan listrik sebesar 100 megawatt dan mampu mengolah sampah hingga 500 ton/hari.

Setelah dua atau tiga tahun, rencananya PLTSa tersebut akan dihibahkan kepada Pemkab Bandung, sehingga dapat dikelola pemerintah daerah untuk menyubsidi retribusi sampah itu sendiri.

Menristek Canangkan Pembangunan PLTSa Gedebage

Bandung (ANTARA News) – Menteri Riset dan Teknologi (Menristek) Kusmayanto Kadiman mencanangkan pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah (PLTSa) Gedebage di Lapangan Tegalega Bandung, Senin.

Ia mengatakan masyarakat sekitar tidak perlu was-was akan dampak atau risiko yang dihasilkan PLTSa ini.

“Seluruh risiko pencemaran sudah semestinya diminimalisir sehingga apa yang dihasilkan kelak akan berguna bagi masyarakat,” ujarnya.

“Jika ada risiko pencemaran dari pembakaran maka janganlah ada pembakaran tetapi semua sampah yang didapat harus di”reuse”, “reduce” dan “recycle”,” katanya.

Kusmayanto menyontohkan jika ada sampah botol maka gunakan kembali untuk botol atau barang-barang lainnya yang dapat didaur ulang hingga akhirnya dapat menjadi sebuah barang tertentu.

“Yang terpenting adalah pemilahan barang harus dilakukan sebelum dilakukan pemrosesan sampah,” tegasnya.

Ia juga menegaskan semua pihak harus ikut bertanggungjawab atas semua risiko yang akan terjadi. “Kita semua harus bertanggungjawab, saya, wartawan, akademisi, LSM, Pemda dan masyarakat yang mendukung,” ujarnya.

Kusmayanto menuturkan Pemerintah Pusat sejauh ini telah memberikan masukan kepada Pemkot Bandung terkait sistem apa saja yang layak digunakan bagi sebuah PLTSa.

“Kami memberikan usulan dan pihak Pemda yang akan menjadi operatornya,” ujarnya.

“Semua manfaat harus diambil semaksimal mungkin dan seluruh resiko harus diminimalisir seperti pepatah bahasa sunda “caina herang laukna beunang”(Pada air yang jernih, ikan bisa didapat),” ujarnya.

Terkait dengan banyaknya protes dari masyarakat, Kusmayanto menegaskan jika masyarakat menuntut lokasi jauh dari permukiman maka pemerintah akan mengalami kesulitan.

“Mana bisa kami menyetop pembangunan permukiman apalagi di Kota Bandung, mau kemana lagi,” ujarnya.

Jika ada permintaan untuk jauh dari Kota Bandung, lanjutnya, maka pembangunan PLTSa ini akan berada di wilayah Kota Bandung. “Kalau jauh berarti di wilayah lain, jauh atau dekat tetap sama saja,” katanya

Sidang Analisa Dampak Lingkungan (AMDAL) PLTSa Gedebage rencananya akan dilaksanakan pada 31 Maret 2008 mendatang dengan menghadirkan seluruh pihak terkait termasuk masyarakat yang pro dan kontra.

Recycling Works!

State and Local Solutions to Solid Waste Management Problems

New York City

Type of Program

A leaf collection program that teams up the Department of Sanitation (DOS) and the Parks Department to restore degraded parklands and restore wildlife habitat.

Community Overview

New York City’s five boroughs generate 26,000 tons per day of combined commercial, residential, and institutional waste. Compostable materials make up approximately 20% of this total (or 5,000 tons per day).

Background

The need to increase composting became crucial with the announcement in 1996 of the closure of the Fresh Kills landfill at the end of 2001. Since then, the DOS has developed several composting programs. In one such program, DOS partnered with the Parks Department to develop composting sites on a decentralized basis.

Program Description

The DOS and Parks Department are working together to create composting sites that also improve parkland. Although the sites are officially classified as parkland, they are not usable parks. Sites are filled with household garbage, construction debris, sand dredged from the harbor, and rubble removed from postwar London and used as ballast on trans-Atlantic ships.

According to Marc Matsil, director of the Natural Resources Group of the Parks Department, “Improving the soil with compost will allow the seeding of native flora, which will provide improved wildlife habitat and restore the visual integrity of the sites.”

The Parks Department provides the site, and DOS provides the compost through leaf collection. As of the fall of 1997, DOS is collecting leaves in Staten Island (3,000 tons/year) and in the Bronx (1,500 tons/year). By 1999, Brooklyn and Queens will be added to the program, with projected collections of 8,000 tons and 13,500 tons, respectively.

What Makes New York City’s Program Unique?

By teaming with the Parks Department, DOS can create composting sites throughout the city. This helps to reduce transportation costs because leaves collected in one borough do not need to be transferred to a composting site in another borough.

Obstacles Overcome

When a partnership such as this is proposed, there is often concern that the problem will simply be transferred from one department to another. It was important for DOS to assuage any concerns the Parks Department might have. In developing the memorandum of understanding, DOS included several provisions to reassure the Parks Department that the arrangement would serve both departments’ interests. In addition, when the city first began to undertake this program, funding had not been secured—not when the request for proposals (RFP) went out, not when the vendor was selected, and not when the contract was signed. (The contract stipulated that the arrangement was subject to available funding.) The advantage with undertaking these efforts early was that, when the funds became available

about a year after the contract was signed, DOS could go forward with the program immediately. Because RFP, vendor selection, and contract processes can take up to 2 years, DOS’s early legwork clearly paid off.

Program Contact

For further information about the New York City’s program, contact

Robert Lange at (212) 837-8156

or write to:

Robert Lange Director, Bureau of Waste Prevention, Reuse, and Recycling Department of Sanitation City of New York , 4 Beaver Street, 6th floorNew York, NY 10004

Household Composting Program

“Introduction of Takakura Home-Method (THM) as an applicable household composting model for urban area”

Written by Prapti Wahyuningsih, ST

Consultant for Waste Management

Takakura home-Method (THM) is a composting method applied at individual household.

Composting is the breakdown of organic material such as straw and other agricultural waste, sawdust and other wood-type materials, cattle manure, organic waste and leftover food, sewage water and other organic mud by various organisms (e.g. bacteria, fungi, actinomycete, basidiomycete, lactic bacteria, etc.) that feed on waste and convert it into an earthlike mass through aerobic fermentation or anaerobic fermentation to produce compost, which will be used to give a favorable impact on microorganism in soil and plants. In other words, composting is the process to neutralize the negative image and odor of waste, produce compost that is hygienic and easy to use, has a favorable impact on soil and crops, and recycle organic waste as a resource.

It is essential to provide and maintain perfect conditions for optimum microbial activity. For that purpose, it is necessary to adjust carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (C/N ratio). The mainstream composts through aerobic fermentation processes, which requires oxygen. To begin with, microorganisms decompose easily decomposable organic matter such as amino acids and sugar groups. This prevents odors, emergence of pests, and growth inhibition and root rot caused by rapid decomposition in soil. The temperature of organic mass exceeds 60 degrees centigrade during the fermentation process. Disease-causing bacteria, parasites, pest eggs, weed seed and other materials that are present in organic mass and are harmful to humans, animals and plants will die or be inactivated due to fermentation heat, and organic mass will turn into compost that is hygienic and safe. Furthermore, microorganisms produce metabolites during the fermentation process. These metabolites change nutrient composition to produce humus required for agricultural soil, thereby helping plants absorve nutrients.

THM is developed by Mr. Koji Takakura from Jpec. Co. Ltd Japan in the cooperation framework of Surabaya city and Kitakyushu city executed by KITA (Kitakyushu International Techno-cooperative Association) based in Kitakyushu city, Japan. And BaliFokus is the secondary technology-transferred by KITA after PUSDAKOTA, local NGO in Surabaya.

THM is a composting method using aerobic fermentation. The box is constructed in such of manner as to allow for ventilation and prevent insects-entering. This method allows for the easy and hygienic production of good quality compost in a short period of time through the use of NM (Native Microorganisms: fermentation microorganisms that are native to the local area).

In Indonesia, the annual mean minimum temperature is 22 degrees Celcius and the annual mean maximum temperature is about 35 degrees Celcius. Annually average temperature between 28 to 29 degrees Celcius is an ideal climate for composting. Through the introduction of appropriate technology , residents are able to practice composting simply, but with few failures. In addition, if composting can be done in individual households, waste can be treated when it is still fresh and can produce good quality compost as well as create a link to improvement of comfortable living (decomposition and foul odors) and hygienic (fles, maggots, rats, germs and microbes, etc.) environment.

THM has the following characteristics to establish and expand as local technology.

• It can be placed inside the house.
• It has simple technology and low-energy system.
• It is portable with box sizes being 60 liters (30×42×60^Hcm).
• It facilitates aerobic fermentation as it allows air to pass through easily.
• Dumped organic waste almost loses shape on the following day.
• There is no bad smell as long as good conditions are maintained within the box.
• A locally available general-purpose product can be used to ensure low cost operation and continuity.

THM consists of the following and is very easy to operate.

• A commercial available plastic box or hand-made bamboo/rattan basket with good ventilation.
• Place cardboard (with ventilation) or rice-sack on the side face of the plastic box or bamboo/rattan basket.
• Place packaged rice chaff at the bottom to absorb excess moisture.
• Put fermentation microorganisms/NM (or finished compost) in the box.
• The lid has an anti-insect net.
• Put wet garbage into the box and mix the content well every time wet garbage is produced.
• Wet garbage must be chopped as finely as possible with a knife.

By implementing this method, it can reduce organic material at household level up to 50-75%.

Household Composting Project

“Environmental-simply & friendly technology transferring of Japan to Bali”

Writen by: Prapti Wahyuningsih, ST

                     Consultant for Waste Management  

 

Bali is well-known as an international tourist destination. The total area of Bali Island is 5.632,86 km² or 0.29% of Indonesian islands and a home to 3.2 millions inhabitants. With millions of foreign tourists (1.3 million) visiting Bali annually and the rapid growth of the local population due to vast development, Bali is currently facing a very tough job of managing its mountains of garbage – both tourism industrial and domestic which approximately total generation is 4611 m3/day or 1100 ton/day, contents of organic (± 72 – 70%) and non organic ((± 28 – 30%).

 

As the provincial capital of Bali, Denpasar city is the most densely area which is populated by 4.217 inhabitants per square kilometers and collected  approximately 1.525 cubic meters of produced garbage daily or 80% of the total generation. And certainly, it has put Denpasar city into a potentially-complicated garbage problem as many other big cities in Indonesia. As a matter of fact, the final dumping site is also currently facing a problem due to over capacity.

 

The garbage problem is kind of devil circle, not even know where to cut and offer the problem solutions. However, it has taken into concern that solid waste issues relates to community behavior,  which have to support not only by rule but also providing the enabling system. And doing solid waste management from the source might be the most sustainable solution even it might be long way taken. Thus, it is necessary to more explore and advance informed choices of applicable technology and best practices to support sustainability of the enabling system.

 

Since 2005, Bali Fokus had started initiating the household composting project with Kitakyushu city through the assistance of KITA (Kitakyushu International Techno-cooperative Association), a Japanese NGO whose main focus is technological cooperation. In providing the technological cooperation of household composting project in Bali, KITA is supported by JFGE (Japan Fund Global Environmental).

 

The pilot project implemented in Monang-Maning Residential area, Tegal Kertha village, West Denpasar, which is identified as the one of the most densely area in Denpasar city. This project was financially supported by Bali Recovery Fund/ACCESS – AusAID and involved the housewives groups. Project activities conducted are as follow:

• Formed women’s core compost team
• Encourage waste separation at source by introducing “Takakura home-method composting at 250 HHs.
• Cultivate herb medicinal plants for households that produced compost (currently at 150 HHs)
• Formed network of environment aware household (named Jaringan Keluarga Peduli Lingkungan/JKPL, who conduct waste separation, composting and cultivating herb medicinal)
• Set up an informal deal with waste pickers toward the waste separation and even waste picker willing to pay for the separated an-organic recyclables

 

In spite of conducting activities above, quantity of garbage collected by waste pickers at each member of environment aware households are reduced vary from 30-40% compare to condition before the program introduced. Unfortunately, it has not obtained any significant impact in reduction total waste disposed to the final dumpsite as the numbers of involved households are only 0.07% of the total. Moreover, Bali has ritual-offering waste characteristic which difficult to be composted or treated at household level.

 

Then, it’s brought the idea of establishing an eco-center which purposed to be a model of solid waste management facility at communal level. The component of Eco-center is composting area and recyclables storing area. The demonstration project of Eco-center in Tegal Kertha village is multi-financed sources. Bali Fokus/BORDA Indonesia covered the construction cost of composting center, JFGE covered the equipment and technical supervision, and the village covered land leasing and recyclables storage.

 

The composting activity at Eco-center is started operating on May 2006 by applying composting method of Takakura Susun, which no odor release and leachate generation, also a very simple maintenance. Therefore, this method is eligible to be implemented at densely area. The quality of produced compost is also well monitored and even has market price of Rp. 1.000,-/kg in Denpasar

 

It is also planed on the project activity to do several researches in developing composting method which applicable and simple maintenance by the user at household or communal level to support the enabling system of solid waste management.